Democracy









  • "democracy is a system of government - in which all the people !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "of a state are involved in making decisions - about its affairs !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "typically by voting to elect representatives - to a parliament - or similar assembly !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "democracy is defined as - the government by the people !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "a government is vested in the people - and exercised by them directly - or indirectly through a system of representation !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 


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  • "democracy consists of - four key elements:  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "a political system for choosing and replacing the government - through free and fair elections !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "the active participation of the people - as citizens - in politics and civic life !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "protection of the human rights - of all citizens !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "and a rule of law - in which the laws and procedures - apply equally to all citizens !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "the term originates from the Greek "demokratia" - meaning - "rule of the people"  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "which has been found in the 5th century BC - to denote this political system - in then existing Greek city-states !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 
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  • "direct democracy - is a political system !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "where the citizens - participate in the decision-making - personally !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "( not relying on intermediaries - or representatives ! )"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "direct democracy gives the voting population - the power to !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "change - constitutional laws !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "put forth initiatives - referendums - and suggestions for laws !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "give binding orders to elective officials - such as revoking them before the end of their elected term !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "or initiating a lawsuit - for breaking a campaign promise !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "within modern-day representative governments - certain electoral tools like referendums !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "citizens' initiatives - and recall elections - are referred to as forms of direct democracy !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "modern direct democracy as a government system has first existed - in the Swiss cantons of Appenzell, Innerrhoden, and Glarus !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "in direct democracy citizens vote directly - not through their representatives - on legislative proposals !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "political activity is valuable in itself - it socialises - and educates citizens !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "popular participation is a good form of - checks and balances !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "citizens rule themselves - and decide directly laws and policies !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Transparency International: LINK ¤ TRANSPARENCY

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  • "Transparency International, TI, is a non-governmental organization - that criticizes corporate and political corruption !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "it publishes the annual Global Corruption Barometer - and Corruption Perceptions Index !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "a comparative listing - of corruption worldwide !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "corruption was the abuse of entrusted power - for private gain !"

 

 

 

 

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  • "it could be classified as grand, petty, and political - depending on the amounts of money lost !"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "grand corruption consisted of acts committed at a high level of government - that distorted policies, or the central functioning of the state !"

 

 

 

 

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  • "were some leaders wanted to benefit - at the expense of the public good !"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "political corruption was a manipulation of policies - institutions - and rules of procedure !"

 

 

 

 

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  • "in the allocation of resources and financing - by political decision makers - who abused their position !"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "transparency is about shedding light on rules - plans - processes - and actions !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "it is knowing why - how - what - and how much !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "transparency ensures that public officials - civil servants - managers - and board members !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "act visibly and understandably - and report on their activities !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "and it means that the general public - can hold them to account !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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openDemocracy: LINK ¤ OPEN DEMOCRACY

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  • "openDemocracy is a website for debate - about international politics, and culture !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "offering news and opinion articles - from established academics, journalists, and policymakers !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "it is committed to human rights - and democracy !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "openDemocracy is an independent - public interest - not-for-profit - and a counter to one-sided corporate media !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "it seeks out and debates forms - of democratic change !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "it supports pluralist inclusion - and tries to a give voice to marginalised !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 


 

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  • "and it opposes fundamentalisms - including market fundamentalism !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights - United Nations: LINK ¤ UNITED NATIONS

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  • "the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR - is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, in 1948 in Paris !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "the Declaration represents the first global expression of rights - to which all human beings are inherently entitled !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 1: - "all human beings are born free - and equal in dignity and rights !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "they are endowed with reason and conscience - and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 3: - "everyone has the right to life - liberty - and security of person !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 7: - "all are equal before the law - and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 18: - "everyone has the right to freedom of thought - conscience - and religion !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 19: - "everyone has the right to freedom - of opinion and expression !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "this right includes freedom to seek, receive, and impart information - and ideas through any media !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 20: - "everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly - and association !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 22: - "everyone, as a member of society - has the right to social security !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "and is entitled to realization of the economic, social, and cultural rights - indispensable for his dignity, and the free development of his personality !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 29: - "everyone has duties to the community - in which alone the free and full development of his personality - is possible !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

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European Convention on Human Rights - ECHR: LINK ¤ E C H R

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  • "the European Convention on Human Rights, ECHR - is an international treaty to protect human rights in Europe !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "drafted in 1950, the convention entered into force in 1953 - all 47 Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "any person who feels his or her rights have been violated by a state party - can take a case to the Court !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "judgments finding violations are binding on the States concerned - and they are obliged to execute them !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "the European Convention is the only international human rights agreement - providing such a high degree of individual protection !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "considering that the aim of the Council of Europe - is the achievement of greater unity between its members !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "and that one method is the maintenance and further realisation - of human rights and fundamental freedoms !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "reaffirming that those fundamental freedoms - are the foundation of justice - and peace in the world !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "and are best maintained on the one hand - by an effective political democracy !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "and on the other by a common understanding - and observance of the human rights - upon which they depend !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "being resolved, as the governments of European countries - which are like-minded - and have a common heritage !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "of political traditions - ideals - freedom - and the rule of law !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "to take the first steps for the collective enforcement - of certain of the rights stated in the Universal Declaration !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 


 

 

 

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  • Article 2 - Right to Life: - "everyone's right to life - shall be protected by law !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 19 - Establishment of the Court: - "to ensure the observance of the engagements - undertaken by the High Contracting Parties !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "there shall be set up - a European Court of Human Rights !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "hereinafter referred to as "the Court" - it shall function on a permanent basis !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities - Inter Action Council: LINK ¤ INTER ACTION COUNCIL

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  • "the Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities, DHDR - is written for reinforcing the implementation of human rights !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "under the auspices of the UNESCO, and was proclaimed in 1998 - to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the UDHR, in the city of Valencia !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "it is not legally binding - but it opens windows for the future !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "it is about a common - global ethic !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "the major challenge for this new century - is the effective and efficient realisation of human rights - for all people !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "and that at the same time is needed - that all members of the human family - strive for its fulfilment !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "the DHDR formulates related duties - and responsibilities - for our current interdependence !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "the goal is enforcing better - globally human rights !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "economic problems of the globalization - demand global solutions !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "on the basis of ideas - values - and norms - respected by all cultures, and societies !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "recognition of the equal and inalienable rights of all the people - requires a foundation of freedom, justice, and peace !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "but this also demands that rights and responsibilities - be given equal importance - to establish an ethical base !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "so that all men and women - can live peacefully together - and fulfil their potential !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "a better social order - both nationally and internationally - needs a global ethic !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "agreed values and standards - applying to all people and institutions - at all times !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 


 

 

 

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  • Preamble: - "whereas the rule of law - and the promotion of human rights !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "depend on the readiness of men and women - to act justly !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "we need global solutions - which can only be achieved !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "through ideas, values, and norms - respected by all cultures, and societies !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "whereas all people, to the best of their knowledge and ability - have a responsibility !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "to foster a better social order - both at home, and globally !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "every individual, and every organ of society - shall contribute to the advancement of communities !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "and to the enlightenment - of all their members !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "we, the peoples of the world - thus renew and reinforce commitments proclaimed in the UDHR !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "the full acceptance of the dignity of all people - their inalienable freedom - and equality !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "and their solidarity - with one another !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 1: - "every person - regardless of gender - ethnic origin - social status - nationality - or religion !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "has a responsibility - to treat all people - in a humane way !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 2: - "no person should lend support - to any form of inhumane behavior !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "but all people have a responsibility - to strive for the dignity - and self-esteem of the others !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 3: - "no person - no group or organization - no state - no army or police !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "stands above good and evil - all are subject to ethical standards !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "everyone has a responsibility - to promote good - and to avoid evil in all things !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 4: - "all people, endowed with reason and conscience - must accept a responsibility to each and all !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "to families and communities - nations - and religions - in a spirit of solidarity !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "what you do not wish to be done to yourself - do not do to others !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 7: - "every person is infinitely precious - and must be protected unconditionally !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "most animals - and the natural environment - also demand protection !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "all people have a responsibility to protect the air - water - and soil of the Earth !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "for the sake of present inhabitants - and future generations !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 8: - "every person has a responsibility - to behave with integrity - honesty - and fairness !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 9: - "every person has a responsibility - to speak and act - truthfully !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "no one, however high or mighty - should speak lies !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 10: - "the freedom of the media to inform the public - and to criticize institutions of society and governmental actions !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "which is important for a just society - must be used with responsibility, and discretion !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "this freedom of the media - carries a special responsibility - for accurate and truthful reporting !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 11: - "all people have a responsibility - to make serious efforts !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "to reduce poverty - malnutrition - and inequality !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "they should promote sustainable development - all over the world !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "in order to assure dignity - freedom - security - and justice - for all people !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "and they should protect - the planet !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - 1789: LINK ¤ CITIZEN RIGHTS

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  • "the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "is a fundamental document in the history - of human and civil rights !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "influenced by the doctrine of "natural right" - the rights of man are held to be universal !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "valid at all times - and in every place - pertaining to human nature itself !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 1: - "men are born and remain free - and equal in rights !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "social distinctions can be founded only - on the common good !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 4: - "liberty consists of doing things - that do not harm others !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • Article 11: - "the free communication of thoughts - and of opinions - is one of the most precious rights of man !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen - 1791: LINK ¤ OLYMPE DE GOUGES

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  • "the French female citizen Olympe de Gouges - broadens the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1791 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "woman is born free - and remains equal to man in rights !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "social distinctions may be based - only on common utility !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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US Declaration of Independence - 1776: LINK ¤ US INDEPENDENCE

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  • "we hold these truths - to be self-evident !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "that all men - are created equal !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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  • "that they are endowed by their creator - with certain unalienable rights !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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  • "that among these are life - liberty - and the pursuit of happiness !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

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DEMOCRACY - Wikipedia EN: LINK ¤ DEMOCRACY

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democracy - 061DE
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