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Literature of the 19th Century - Francine Prose: LINK ¤ NEW YORK TIMES

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• "in some workings of the 19th-century writers - it is at first about an individual !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "but it is about the human nature - that becomes more and more universal !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "it is about the human heart - and soul !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "that transcends the surface distinctions of nationality - social class - and time !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "for example the subtlety - with which Turgenev portrays - the natural landscape !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

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• "and some books of Tolstoy seem to age - and change - along with us !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Interview with Alexander Solzhenitsyn - Spiegel online: LINK ¤ SPIEGEL ONLINE

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• "the prominent writer and Nobel laureate - Alexander Solzhenitsyn - says !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

• "that he has always had - that inner drive !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "and he has always devoted himself - gladly to work !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

• "he often thinks - whatever the outcome is going to be - let it be !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "and then things turn out - all right !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

• "it looks like some good - comes out of it !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "he has always believed - in what he did !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "and never acted - against his conscience !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Spiegel online: - "Putin described the collapse of the Soviet Union - as the largest geopolitical disaster - of the 20th century !"

 

• "I hope that this - nostalgic attitude to the past - will soon be over !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

• "peoples who had lived through it understand - that it was to blame for the bitter pages - of their history !"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "if we take a sober look at our history - with voluntary and conscientious !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "acceptance by a people of its guilt - then this can heal the nation !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "the Russian nationality - is not more important - than the Ukrainian nationality !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "for example 1917 had deep roots - first among these was a long-term mutual distrust !"

 

 

 

 

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• "between the authorities - and the educated society !"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "but the greatest responsibility - of course falls on the authorities !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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Spiegel online: - "you are always in favor - of civil self-government !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

• "yes I have always insisted on the need - for local self-government - for Russia !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

• "I try to convince my fellow citizens - by citing the examples !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

• "of highly effective local self-government systems - in the world !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "for the grassroots level - and the state is delegating decisions - to the local population !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "( Putin - was the opposite ! )"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "and of course an opposition is necessary and desirable - for the healthy development - of the country !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

• "there should be a constructive - clear and large-scale - opposition in Russia !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "as well as the maturing - of democratic institutions !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "the gap between the rich - and the poor - must be reduced in Russia !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

• "and it needs the immediate attention - of the state !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "for example by giving breathing room - to small and medium businesses !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

• "protecting citizens and small entrepreneurs - from corruption !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "and investing revenues into the national infrastructure - social - education - and health care !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

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Spiegel online: - "the relations between Russia and the West - have gotten colder !"

 

• "there are many reasons - for example the behaviour of Putin !"

 

 

 

 

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• "but one interesting is - psychological !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "the West acted not as a perfect - "knight of democracy"  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

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• "there was pragmatism - and some actors had their own interests !"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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the Land Reform of 1917 - History: LINK ¤ HISTORY

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• "the people in the cities - were discontented with the government !"

 

 

 

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• "and the government could not take for granted - the consent of the peasants !"

 

 

 

 

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• "if it lost the support of both groups - then the government was in extreme trouble !"

 

 

 

 

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• "in 1917 the majority of Russians - were peasants - working on the land !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

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• "the government wanted the peasants - on their side !"

 

 

 

 

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• "Peter Stolypin - the Minister of the Interior - established the land organisation commissions !"

 

 

 

• "their work led to the two decrees of 1906 - the "October decree" dealt with - personal rights !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "and the "November decree" was called the - "great Land Decree of 1906"  !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

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• "the "October Decree" stated that a communal assembly in a village - had no right to impose forced labour !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "and the "November Decree" stated that any head of a peasant family - who held allotment land by communal tenure !"

 

 

 

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• "had the right to claim his share to himself - as private property !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "where no general redistribution of land had taken place - the head of a family had the right !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

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• "to claim all the land he worked - within the communal tenure !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

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• "what was the impact of the - "November Decree"  ?!"

 

 

 

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• "22% of all householders - living under communal tenure - had applications for land ownership !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

• "together with the new land decree in June 1910 - about 50% of the total number - of peasant households !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

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• "were affected by these - land reforms !!!!!!!!!!!!"

 

 

 

 

 

 

Berezovsky and Abramovich - the Guardian: LINK ¤ the GUARDIAN

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• ""krysha" - literally meant "roof" - in Russian !"

 

 

 

• "but other associations were - an arrangement - lobbying - political services - icebreaking - and protection !"

 

 

 

 

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• "Abramovich's case was - that he gave krysha - to Berezovsky !"

 

 

 

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• "in 1994 Abramovich was a - small-scale oil trader !"

 

 

 

 

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• "in 1995 with Berezovsky's help - Abramovich won a rigged auction - for an oil company and refinery !"

 

 

 

 

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• "in return Abramovich made regular under-the-table payments - to Berezovsky !"

 

 

 

• "Abramovich said he paid - for Berezovsky's private jet travel - and bought him a house in France !"

 

 

 

 

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• "Berezovsky did not deny - this payments !"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RUSSIAN CULTURE - Wikipedia EN: LINK ¤ RUSSIAN CULTURE